Friday 22 November 2013

Oprah Winfrey awarded highest civilian honour by President Obama


President Obama yesterday Nov. 20th presented talk show legend and media mogul Oprah Winfrey and 15 others with the Presidential Medal of Freedom, which is America's highest civilian honor. The award is given to individuals who have made "meritorious contributions to the security or national interests of the US, to world peace, or to cultural or other significant public or private endeavors.”

President Obama called Oprah "the pinnacle of the entertainment universe," as he put the medal on her neck. Former President Bill Clinton, country star Loretta Lynn, women's rights activist Gloria Steinem, baseball legend Ernie Banks and astronaut Sally Ride also received the award yesterday. 

Actress Nadia Buhari In Tears By Her Boo Jim Iyke's

 Romantic Gesture For Her Birthday Trip Around The World [Photos]


Who knew that Nollywood actor Jim Iyke could be so romantic.They traveled round the world yesterday to mark the Ghanian actress – Nadia Buari’s birthday and they had so much fun.
They further had a private dinner and according to Jim Iyke, Nadia cried all through – tears of joy! According to the star's tweet, he organised a private dinner at an exclusive Spanish restaurant for his pretty girlfriend, Ghanaian actress Nadia Buhari. See his tweet and more pics below after the cut:




Nigerian businessman Tony Elumelu makes $123million in 3 weeks


According to Forbes Africa, former United Bank for Africa (UBA) Managing director, and chairman of Heirs Holdings, Tony Elumelu made $123million in just three weeks. Wow! Read below...

From Forbes
It’s just paper gains, but it counts. Nigerian banker Tony O. Elumelu has become at least $123 million richer between November 1 and November 21 as shares of Transcorp PLC, a Nigerian-Stock Exchange-listed conglomerate, surged 186% in that period.
Transnational Corporation Of Nigeria, usually referred to as Transcorp, is an emerging conglomerate holding investments in hotels, power and agriculture. On November 1, the company’s stock was trading at N1.87 ($0.01), and at the close of trading today (Thursday), the stock was trading at N5.35 ($5.35). According to an analyst who did not want to be quoted, there has been an unprecedented demand for Transcorp’s shares at the bourse on account of the company’s recent acquisition of the Ughelli Power plant, a strategic power generation company that the government recently sold in a privatization exercise.

Transcorp PLC, under Elumelu’s leadership, acquired the plant for $300 million. Transcorp officially took over the plant on November 1. Investors are scrambling for the stock in anticipation of the long-term impact the new acquisition will likely have on Transcorp’s financial results.

Elumelu began gobbling up shares in the company in April 2011 through his wholly-owned proprietary investment vehicle, Heirs Holdings. In September 2011, he was appointed chairman of the company, promising to diversify the company’s business interests and deliver value to shareholders – promises he seems to have delivered on. He currently owns over 5.7 billion shares of the company (5,745,890,693 to be exact, according to Transcorp’s latest corporate filings), held in his own name and via Heirs Holdings, equating to a 22.26% stake, making him the company’s largest individual shareholder. His shares in Transcorp alone are now valued at N30.7 billion or $188 million.  A representative for Elumelu could not be reached for comment at press time.

Elumelu made his fortune by acquiring a small, struggling Nigerian commercial bank and building it into the United Bank of Africa Group, a leading financial services institution with operations in several African countries as well as in New York and London. He stepped down as the bank’s CEO in 2010 to focus on investing in African businesses through his private investment vehicle, Heirs Holdings and to groom Africa’s next generation of business leaders through his Tony Elumelu Foundation.

Thursday 7 November 2013

The Latest Billionaire In Town! Abdusalam Rabiu Joins The Billionaires Club

Forbes Africa has named 53-year old Abdulsamad Rabiu of the BUA Group as the latest African billionaire in its November 2013 issue.

Here’s an excerpt from the feature:

    “An investigation by FORBES AFRICA turned up a string of assets. The BUA Group has interests in key sectors similar to those of countryman, Aliko Dangote, Africa’s richest man. They include cement, sugar and flour. Through the group’s subsidiaries it does business in real estate, steel, port concessions, manufacturing, oil, gas and shipping.

    “The group also owns the ship BUA Cement 1, a 200-meter long vessel designed for heavy loads. It is Nigeria’s first floating terminal.

    “In addition to his assets in the BUA Group, Rabiu owns property in Britain, worth $62 million, and in South Africa, worth $19 million.

    “Among his properties is a house in Gloucester Square in London worth nearly $16 million and a penthouse at The One & Only Hotel, in Cape Town, worth $12.6 million.

    “Rabiu’s taste for good living is plain to see; he has bought homes from Eaton Square to Avenue Road, also known as Millionaires’ Row.

    “Rabiu jets around the world on an eight-seatre Gulfstream G550 worth $44.9 million, powered by a Rolls-Royce BR710 turbofan engine, as well as an $18-million Legacy 600 aircraft.

    “Abdulsamad was born in Kano to the family of renown business man, Ishyaku Rabiu. His father had made his fortune from trading in the years after Nigeria’s independence.

    “By the mid 70s, Abdulsamad’s father had become quite influential and he was a point man in the political scene. By 1983, the military coup which led to the arrest of President Shehu Shagari found Ishayku in incarceration as well.

    “During this period, Abdulsamad was away in the US getting his bachelor’s degree. He returned home at 24 to find his father’s business in dire straits. With little or no business experience, Abdulsamad had to take over the reins to restore his father’s now failing business empire.”

As he said to Forbes Africa

    “It was very difficult. When we started, our dad was not there. There was this huge vacuum, because of his personality. He grew the business, he did everything, everybody reported to him, and then he wasn’t there anymore.

    “So at a very tender age, I was saddled with so many things; I had to make a lot of important decisions, and don’t forget that this happened suddenly, at the time, there were three ships being discharged, rice and sugar ships. The government agencies tried to seize the goods; so we were discharging, they were taking, we were taking back. It was a big, big issue. Those kinds of things were really challenging.”

The story of this man is very interesting. He worked his way to transforming his millions into billions. It was a series of radical decision after radical decision that has given rise to the empire that Abdulsamad has built today.

According to him

    “The biggest challenge was that there were restrictions on confirming letters of credit because of the coup. Then there was the issue of the planes; there were two private jets and we didn’t know what to do with them. We couldn’t fly them. They actually grounded the jets. We were able to get the big one out and we decided we didn’t need it. I just got rid of it. [My father] was in detention, so who was going to be flying a private jet at that time with the major-general Muhammadu Buhari around. They grounded the small plane for two years but it was released after [my father] was released from detention.” 



I am a Lawyer, so don't threaten me

Tuesday 5 November 2013

Apple Buys Chinedu Echeruo’sHopStop.com For A $1 Billion



chinedu-echeruo
Apple has acquired Chinedu Echeruo’s HopStop.com, The Wall Street Journal’s publication, AllThingsDigital reports. Founded in 2005, HopStop.com makes mobile applications for both iOS and Android that covers over 300 cities and that helps people get directions or find nearby subway stations and bus stops. Terms of the deal have not been disclosed as at the time of this publication.
HopStop has oft been compared to Israel’s Waze which was recently acquired by Google for $1 billion. The move is seen as Apple’s plan to bolster its map offering especially given Google’s recent acquisition of Waze.
A serial entrepreneur, Chinedu Echeruo grew up in Eastern Nigeria and attended Kings College, Lagos. He attended Syracuse University and the Harvard Business School in the United States and founded HopStop.com after working for several years in the Mergers & Acquisitions and Leveraged Finance groups of J.P Morgan Chase where he was involved in a broad range of M&A, Financing and Private Equity transactions. He also worked at AM Investment Partners, a $500 million volatility-driven convertible bond arbitrage hedge fund.
He founded and raised nearly $8 million for his two U.S based internet companies; Hopstop.com andTripology.comTripology.com was acquired in 2010 by American travel and navigation information company, Rand McNally. He was named Black Enterprise Magazine’s Small Business Innovator of the year and listed in the magazine’s Top 40 under 40 and is currently a partner and head of the Principal Investing group at Constant Capital, a West Africa based investment bank.
True to form, Echeruo is working on yet another venture but this time, focused on small businesses in Africa. Check out a video of Chinedu Echeruo below at last year’s TedxIkoyi where he talks about his latest project for small businesses in Africa; “crowd sourced business in a box.”
According to him:
“There is no reason why every entrepreneur should have to reinvent the wheel every single time in all the countries in Africa. My idea is to essentially to have one place where a budding entrepreneur can access a template for starting a business, and then customize it to suit their own situation. Essentially a business-in-a-box.”

Friday 1 November 2013

Top 40 things the internet has killed off


Following the announcement that New Zealand's postal service is to run only three days a week in most areas due to the dominance of email over the traditional letter, we take a look at other victims of the internet age

Dell Latitude laptop smells of cat urine? Cats may love computers, but the feeling isn't mutual
This cat does not find the internet lols Photo: PHOTOLIBRARY.COM
Following on from our comprehensive 2009 list, The Telegraph presents the 2013 list of things the internet has sadly, and in some cases thankfully, killed off.
1. Pictures of dogs
Sorry dog owners, the internet only champions all things feline. It seems there is nothing that cannot be made 'lols' by the addition of a poorly spelt caption. See the phenomenal success of icanhascheezburger.comfor more details.
2. Record stores
Recorded music sales have slumped by 40 per cent since the millennium, according to the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry, as the industry struggles to compete with online piracy and free streaming. Though global recorded music revenues rose by 0.3 per cent during 2012, the so called 'Adele effect' was not enough to save high street music retailer HMV from entering administration earlier this year. Analyst Maureen Hinton said at the time that HMV's failure to establish itself online a decade ago had played a significant part in the brand's downfall. She told the BBC, "But at the moment if we think online you just think Amazon."
3. The myth of celebrity intelligence
Celebrities use Twitter to instantly communicate their thoughts, hopes and dreams to their global fanbases. Unfortunately that doesn't always mean they've got anything worth saying.
4. Waiting for trains
The days of picking up a printed timetable to check the time of the next train to Tiverton Parkway are long gone as modern day travellers simply check the next departure from their phone. It doesn't guarantee you'll make it to the station in time though.
5. ...and everything else
Having a wealth of digital information at our fingertips has arguably produced a culture fixated on instant gratification. We're simply not willing to spend time researching the answer to a particularly taxing question when the answers can be supplied so easily by pressing a few keys. An American study into Google's effect on memory found that participants did not make the effort to remember information they thought they could later look up, which is more than a little troubling.
6. Ed Balls having a quiet day on April 28
Little did Shadow Chancellor Ed Balls know that when he idly searched for his own name on Twitter on April 28 2011, he was creating an internet phenomenon. For he had actually tweeted 'Ed Balls', and failed to delete it because he didn't know you could.
Balls' mishap quickly spread throughout the social network, and to date has been retweeted over 22,000 times.
But no one could accuse him of not having a sense of humour about the gaffe, after he commemorated the date with a retweet earlier this year, to the delight of his followers. Expect this to be repeated for many years, Ed Balls.
7. Ceefax
For years, Ceefax was the only way for millions to access the latest headlines, sport results and weather reports outside of broadcast schedules, all at the click of a remote control button. Launched in 1974 by BBC engineers, the original real-time information network predated the internet significantly. Unfortunately the rise of home computing contributed to its demise, and officials finally pulled the plug on this relic of a bygone age in 2012. Goodnight, sweet prince.
8. Being lost
Also covering maps, atlases and the London A-Z street guides that are now touted only by bona fide tourists, increasing amounts of people use their car's Sat Nav, Google maps on their phones or print detailed instructions from its desktop equivalent to navigate their way around. Last year Ordnance Survey said sales of its paper maps had fallen by 25 per cent since 2005, which may explain why mountain rescue incidents increased during the same time by 52 per cent.
9. Printed porn
When was the last time you saw somebody buying a top-shelf mag from your local newsagents? The rise of easily accessible internet pornography may be of intense relief to teenage boys the world over, but those longing for the printed editions of by-gone times can buy vintage classics from a variety of second-hand websites. Hmm.
Sealed with a loving kiss: the lost art of letter writing
10. The lost art of letter writing
As illustrated by New Zealand's postal service, it's easy to see why the word 'write' to younger generations conjurs up images of keyboards rather than paper and pen. Though the thrill of receiving a handwritten letter remains hard to beat for many, somewhat confusingly, you can send a letter to a loved one via the internet thanks to PC2Paper: from email to snail mail. You can even write a letter to the Telegraph by email these days.
11. Encyclopedias
Once a solemn gift to a child, an encyclopedia represented the imparting of knowledge from one generation to the next, a rite of passage that would be infinitely useful. Then there was Encarta Encyclopedia, a digital equivalent whose 2008 incarnation consisted of more than 62,000 entries. To put that into perspective, Google deals with around three billion search queries a day. Sorry Grandma.
12. Subtlety
The Twitter feed for Channel 5's daytime discussion programme The Wright Stuff takes the best of British dilemmas and presents them completely context-free.
13. Memorising your best friend's phone number
You may have just about memoried your own mobile number, but remember knowing your best friend's landline number off by heart? Or worse, having to ask their scary dad if they were there to talk? It doesn't bear thinking about.
Even Ned Stark is left disappoined by spoilers
14. Successfully avoiding spoilers
Trying to avoid spoilers for last night's Game of Thrones, Breaking Bad or the winner of the Great British Bake Off final? Better block it from your Twitter feed, dodge all newspapers and news sites and quarantine yourself from all human contact, because in this uber-connected day and age delayed knowledge is VIRTUALLY IMPOSSIBLE to avoid. Ditto sports results and Royal babies.
15. Fax machines
It's unlikely anyone born post 1990 has ever even turned one of these on, but they're missing out on the thrill of a poorly rendered near-illegible document slowly inching out of the telephone/fax handset and curling onto the floor like a mutant scroll.
16. Productivity
With over 350 million photos added to Facebook every day and over 100 hours of video uploaded to YouTube every day, is it any wonder none of us are getting any work done? A recent survey by Forbes found that 64 per cent of US employees visited non-work related websites daily, the most visited of which was Tumblr, followed by Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, and SnapChat. Now if you'll excuse me, I have a list of the top 27 pugs dressed as 80s rockers to look at....
17. Blind dates
Thanks to the magic of the web, finding out whether Chardonay, the "hottie" your mate has set you up with is really as stunning as he claims has never been easier. Whilst some would argue this takes all the romance out of finding a soul mate, a third of all US couples who married between 2005 and 2012 met online. Knowledge, after all, is power.
18. Radios
More and more listeners are moving online as sales of analogue radios fell by 1.5 million during June 2011 - June 2012, as 29.5 per cent of all radio is now listened to digitally.
19. Isolation / Losing touch with anyone
In another example of the dual good/evil flipside of the world wide web, we're all connected to each other like never before. Ministers have said that technological links to the outside world could help to prevent the elderly feeling lonely. Unfortunately, this also makes it increasingly difficult to disentangle your virtual self from the gobby girl you went to school with, the ex boyfriend who broke your heart and the second cousin who won't stop poking you. The block button exists for a reason.
20. Privacy
Recent revelations about government surveillance aside, failure to check your social media settings can result in you getting caught out by your spouse or even sacked. Even swiftly deleting social media mishaps isn't enough, as Twitter accounts such as Tweets MPs Delete illustrates. In the words of David Cameron, too many tweets make a...
21. Physical photo albums
Another nostalgic casualty of the internet age, the humble photo album will always have a place in our hearts for documenting our first bath, first day of school and a whole host of awkward haircuts. Now we just post them online to remain in cyberspace forever.
What even is this?
22. The mystique of your friends' lunch
Not that this was ever that interesting, but Instragram has a lot to answer for.
23. How to spell
A raft of surveys over the years have documented the effect the internet has had on children's spelling and grammar, with overridingly negative results. Research from 2009 found that childen's obsession with technology is hindering spelling skills, encouraging plagiarism and disrupting learning, and even adults' spelling is suffering due to the prevalence of predictive text. Additionally, The Oxford English Dictionary is unlikely to ever be printed again due to the increasingly popularity of online alternatives, although its estimated completion date is still around 2037.
24. Pub Quizzes
The great British pub quiz has always been threatened by conniving cheaters, but this pub landlord took things a step further in a one man war against smartphones ruining a good quiz.
25. Likewise, the drunken debate
The simple pleasures of bickering over who is right or wrong over a pint has been ruined by the internet. Can't we talk it out?
26. Computer game shops
Like music retailers, increased levels of digital distribution and cheaper online pricing hit high street computer games retailers hard when Game and Gamestation owner Game Retail Limited went into administration in 2012.
27. Classifieds
The art of selling odds and ends via the back pages of your local newspaper is no more after being edged out by eBay.
28. Hearing a song on the radio / in a club and not knowing what it is
The great British public can rest assured that never again will they have to frantically relisten to the radio hoping for the DJ to repeat the song name after the invention of a raft of apps including Shazam and Midomi, which requires users to sing or hum their desired tune in order to identify it.
29. Mix tapes
A tragic loss to broken teenage hearts the world over, a Spotify playlist's declaration of love is just not the same as a meticulously-assembled mixtape.
Do not feed the trolls
30. The word 'troll'
Once upon a time a troll was a mythical creature that lived under bridges and ate unsuspecting billy goats. Then it morphed into a funky-haired boggle-eyed fad doll. Now we use the word troll to describe an unpleasant individual who has nothing better to do than make snide comments online. In the words of Destiny's Child, I ain't gon' diss you on the internet, 'cuz my Mama taught me better than that.
31. Phrenology
Because when was the last time someone studied the topography of your skull to try and discipher your character?
32. Quiet appreciation for pop stars
A fondly-remembered way for fans to express their sheer enthusiasm about a variety of popular culture topics, the humble fanzine has been largely replaced by hysterical Twitter accounts. Below are some of the best of the mind-boggling things some internet users tweet about pop poppets One Direction.
33. Sharing
The internet has changed the concept of sharing from a kind gesture intended to brighten the receiver's day into a burden of distributed videos, links, pictures, songs, soundbites, files, attachments, articles begging for attention. Enough.
34. Keeping moral dilemmas / burning questions to yourself
A quick scroll of yahoo answers is enough to remind you that no matter how bad your day is, there's someone out there having a worse one, as well as some truly mind-boggling queries. Recent examples include Is blowing nose in public acceptable in your culture [sic], Why do dogs have brains and Can you help me find this bag please??? [sic]
35. Learning foreign languages
Why go to the lengths of learning a foreign language with Google Translate to hand?
36. Expertise
The wealth of medical symptom information now readily available online has inevitably contributed to the rise of the 'cyberchondriac' ; those who spend hours attributing every ache and pain to a dramatic twist of health misfortune. Whilst the internet has done wonders to raise awareness of illness and warning signs, be sure to visit a doctor before self-diagnosing your caffeine withdrawal headache as a brain tumour.
37. Address books / Rolodexes
Bring them back!
38. Calculators
Be honest, have you used a scientific calculator since leaving school? We now use the calculator functions on our phones to split bills in restaurants, and search the answers to particularly fiendish sums.
39. Hiding your past
Because it's hard to convince people you were always this cool when your friends refuse to detag the photos of you decked out in your best 'gap yah' finery (complete with beaded choker) and the time you passed out in Bridgwater town centre with two industrial sized bottles of cider taped to your hands. Employers, look away.

Ancient Origins of Halloween

Spooky: No matter what culture it originates from, even modern day celebrations of Halloween reflect its macabre and dark origins


Halloween's origins date back to the ancient Celtic festival of Samhain (pronounced sow-in). The Celts, who lived 2,000 years ago in the area that is now Ireland, the United Kingdom and northern France, celebrated their new year on November 1. This day marked the end of summer and the harvest and the beginning of the dark, cold winter, a time of year that was often associated with human death. Celts believed that on the night before the new year, the boundary between the worlds of the living and the dead became blurred. On the night of October 31 they celebrated Samhain, when it was believed that the ghosts of the dead returned to earth. In addition to causing trouble and damaging crops, Celts thought that the presence of the otherworldly spirits made it easier for the Druids, or Celtic priests, to make predictions about the future. For a people entirely dependent on the volatile natural world, these prophecies were an important source of comfort and direction during the long, dark winter.
To commemorate the event, Druids built huge sacred bonfires, where the people gathered to burn crops and animals as sacrifices to the Celtic deities. During the celebration, the Celts wore costumes, typically consisting of animal heads and skins, and attempted to tell each other's fortunes. When the celebration was over, they re-lit their hearth fires, which they had extinguished earlier that evening, from the sacred bonfire to help protect them during the coming winter.
By 43 A.D., the Roman Empire had conquered the majority of Celtic territory. In the course of the four hundred years that they ruled the Celtic lands, two festivals of Roman origin were combined with the traditional Celtic celebration of Samhain. The first was Feralia, a day in late October when the Romans traditionally commemorated the passing of the dead. The second was a day to honor Pomona, the Roman goddess of fruit and trees. The symbol of Pomona is the apple and the incorporation of this celebration into Samhain probably explains the tradition of "bobbing" for apples that is practiced today on Halloween.
On May 13, 609 A.D., Pope Boniface IV dedicated the Pantheon in Rome in honor of all Christian martyrs, and the Catholic feast of All Martyrs Day was established in the Western church. Pope Gregory III (731–741) later expanded the festival to include all saints as well as all martyrs, and moved the observance from May 13 to November 1. By the 9th century the influence of Christianity had spread into Celtic lands, where it gradually blended with and supplanted the older Celtic rites. In 1000 A.D., the church would make November 2 All Souls' Day, a day to honor the dead. It is widely believed today that the church was attempting to replace the Celtic festival of the dead with a related, but church-sanctioned holiday. All Souls Day was celebrated similarly to Samhain, with big bonfires, parades, and dressing up in costumes as saints, angels and devils. The All Saints Day celebration was also called All-hallows or All-hallowmas (from Middle English Alholowmesse meaning All Saints' Day) and the night before it, the traditional night of Samhain in the Celtic religion, began to be called All-hallows Eve and, eventually, Halloween.

Halloween Comes to America

Celebration of Halloween was extremely limited in colonial New England because of the rigid Protestant belief systems there. Halloween was much more common in Maryland and the southern colonies. As the beliefs and customs of different European ethnic groups as well as the American Indians meshed, a distinctly American version of Halloween began to emerge. The first celebrations included "play parties," public events held to celebrate the harvest, where neighbors would share stories of the dead, tell each other's fortunes, dance and sing. Colonial Halloween festivities also featured the telling of ghost stories and mischief-making of all kinds. By the middle of the nineteenth century, annual autumn festivities were common, but Halloween was not yet celebrated everywhere in the country.
In the second half of the nineteenth century, America was flooded with new immigrants. These new immigrants, especially the millions of Irish fleeing Ireland's potato famine of 1846, helped to popularize the celebration of Halloween nationally. Taking from Irish and English traditions, Americans began to dress up in costumes and go house to house asking for food or money, a practice that eventually became today's "trick-or-treat" tradition. Young women believed that on Halloween they could divine the name or appearance of their future husband by doing tricks with yarn, apple parings or mirrors.
In the late 1800s, there was a move in America to mold Halloween into a holiday more about community and neighborly get-togethers than about ghosts, pranks and witchcraft. At the turn of the century, Halloween parties for both children and adults became the most common way to celebrate the day. Parties focused on games, foods of the season and festive costumes. Parents were encouraged by newspapers and community leaders to take anything "frightening" or "grotesque" out of Halloween celebrations. Because of these efforts, Halloween lost most of its superstitious and religious overtones by the beginning of the twentieth century.
By the 1920s and 1930s, Halloween had become a secular, but community-centered holiday, with parades and town-wide parties as the featured entertainment. Despite the best efforts of many schools and communities, vandalism began to plague Halloween celebrations in many communities during this time. By the 1950s, town leaders had successfully limited vandalism and Halloween had evolved into a holiday directed mainly at the young. Due to the high numbers of young children during the fifties baby boom, parties moved from town civic centers into the classroom or home, where they could be more easily accommodated. Between 1920 and 1950, the centuries-old practice of trick-or-treating was also revived. Trick-or-treating was a relatively inexpensive way for an entire community to share the Halloween celebration. In theory, families could also prevent tricks being played on them by providing the neighborhood children with small treats. A new American tradition was born, and it has continued to grow. Today, Americans spend an estimated $6 billion annually on Halloween, making it the country's second largest commercial holiday.

Today's Halloween Traditions

The American Halloween tradition of "trick-or-treating" probably dates back to the early All Souls' Day parades in England. During the festivities, poor citizens would beg for food and families would give them pastries called "soul cakes" in return for their promise to pray for the family's dead relatives. The distribution of soul cakes was encouraged by the church as a way to replace the ancient practice of leaving food and wine for roaming spirits. The practice, which was referred to as "going a-souling" was eventually taken up by children who would visit the houses in their neighborhood and be given ale, food, and money.  
The tradition of dressing in costume for Halloween has both European and Celtic roots. Hundreds of years ago, winter was an uncertain and frightening time. Food supplies often ran low and, for the many people afraid of the dark, the short days of winter were full of constant worry. On Halloween, when it was believed that ghosts came back to the earthly world, people thought that they would encounter ghosts if they left their homes. To avoid being recognized by these ghosts, people would wear masks when they left their homes after dark so that the ghosts would mistake them for fellow spirits. On Halloween, to keep ghosts away from their houses, people would place bowls of food outside their homes to appease the ghosts and prevent them from attempting to enter.

Halloween Superstitions

Halloween has always been a holiday filled with mystery, magic and superstition. It began as a Celtic end-of-summer festival during which people felt especially close to deceased relatives and friends. For these friendly spirits, they set places at the dinner table, left treats on doorsteps and along the side of the road and lit candles to help loved ones find their way back to the spirit world. Today's Halloween ghosts are often depicted as more fearsome and malevolent, and our customs and superstitions are scarier too. We avoid crossing paths with black cats, afraid that they might bring us bad luck. This idea has its roots in the Middle Ages, when many people believed that witches avoided detection by turning themselves into cats. We try not to walk under ladders for the same reason. This superstition may have come from the ancient Egyptians, who believed that triangles were sacred; it also may have something to do with the fact that walking under a leaning ladder tends to be fairly unsafe. And around Halloween, especially, we try to avoid breaking mirrors, stepping on cracks in the road or spilling salt.
But what about the Halloween traditions and beliefs that today's trick-or-treaters have forgotten all about? Many of these obsolete rituals focused on the future instead of the past and the living instead of the dead. In particular, many had to do with helping young women identify their future husbands and reassuring them that they would someday—with luck, by next Halloween—be married. In 18th-century Ireland, a matchmaking cook might bury a ring in her mashed potatoes on Halloween night, hoping to bring true love to the diner who found it. In Scotland, fortune-tellers recommended that an eligible young woman name a hazelnut for each of her suitors and then toss the nuts into the fireplace. The nut that burned to ashes rather than popping or exploding, the story went, represented the girl's future husband. (In some versions of this legend, confusingly, the opposite was true: The nut that burned away symbolized a love that would not last.) Another tale had it that if a young woman ate a sugary concoction made out of walnuts, hazelnuts and nutmeg before bed on Halloween night she would dream about her future husband. Young women tossed apple-peels over their shoulders, hoping that the peels would fall on the floor in the shape of their future husbands' initials; tried to learn about their futures by peering at egg yolks floating in a bowl of water; and stood in front of mirrors in darkened rooms, holding candles and looking over their shoulders for their husbands' faces. Other rituals were more competitive. At some Halloween parties, the first guest to find a burr on a chestnut-hunt would be the first to marry; at others, the first successful apple-bobber would be the first down the aisle.
Of course, whether we're asking for romantic advice or trying to avoid seven years of bad luck, each one of these Halloween superstitions relies on the good will of the very same "spirits" whose presence the early Celts felt so keenly.